arbutus

Arbutus is a genus of evergreen shrubs and trees in the heath family Ericaceae, commonly known as strawberry trees or madrones. The genus comprises about 20 species native to the Mediterranean region, western Europe and western Asia, with some species also found in western North America. Many species are cultivated as ornamental plants in temperate regions.

Description and characteristics

Arbutus plants typically have leathery, evergreen leaves arranged alternately. They produce urn-shaped, white to pale pink flowers in loose clusters, followed by small, rounded berries that often turn red or orange when ripe. The fruit is edible but often gritty due to numerous seeds. A distinctive feature of many species is their smooth, peeling bark, which reveals an inner layer that can be green, orange, or cinnamon in color.

Distribution and habitat

Native habitats range from Mediterranean-type woodlands and scrub to coastal forests and rocky slopes. They favor well-drained soils and sunny to partially shaded sites. Arbutus species can be drought-tolerant once established, though frost sensitivity varies by species.

Ecology and relationships

Arbutus species form ectomycorrhizal associations with fungi, contributing to nutrient uptake in poor soils. They attract pollinators with their flowers and provide fruit for birds and other wildlife. Some species are adapted to coastal conditions, including exposure to wind and salt spray.

Notable species

Arbutus unedo (strawberry tree) is valued for its edible fruit used in jams and liqueurs. Arbutus menziesii (Pacific madrone) is a tall tree known for striking, peeling bark. Arbutus andrachne (Greek strawberry tree) and Arbutus canariensis (Canary Island strawberry tree) are also cultivated and studied for their ornamental and ecological roles.

Uses

Beyond ornament, fruits are used in regional culinary traditions, and the hard wood is valued for its density and finish in some local crafts.