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Antitussives are medications that are used to suppress coughing. They work by affecting the brain's cough center, which is located in the medulla oblongata, and can decrease the frequency and severity of coughing. Antitussives can be further divided into two main categories: opiate-based and non-opiate based.

Opiate-based antitussives, such as codeine and hydrocodone, work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord. This causes a decrease in the cough reflex by affecting the transmission of nerve signals. Non-opiate based antitussives, such as dextromethorphan and diphenhydramine, work by a different mechanism, often by affecting the histamine receptors or the serotonin system in the brain.

Antitussives are commonly used to treat coughs caused by respiratory infections, such as the common cold or flu, as well as by allergies and irritants like smoke. They can also be used to treat chronic coughs, such as those caused by asthma or chronic bronchitis. However, antitussives may not be suitable for everyone, especially those with a history of substance abuse or addiction, as they can be habit-forming.

When taken as directed, antitussives are generally safe and effective. However, it is essential to note that antitussives should not be used for more than a few days without consulting a healthcare professional, as prolonged use can lead to addiction or other adverse effects. Additionally, antitussives can interact with other medications, such as sedatives or antidepressants, so it is crucial to discuss any medications being taken with a doctor before starting an antitussive.