antiretroviralen

Antiretroviralen, also known as antiretroviral drugs, are a class of medications used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. They work by inhibiting key steps in the HIV life cycle, thereby reducing the amount of virus in the body and preventing the progressive deterioration of the immune system. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a lifelong treatment that aims to achieve undetectable viral loads, improve health outcomes, and reduce transmission risk.

The primary drug classes include nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non‑nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs), and entry inhibitors. Combination regimens, typically comprising two or three agents from different classes, are prescribed to maximize efficacy and mitigate the development of drug resistance. Formulations vary from daily oral tablets to long‑acting injectable injections and pre‑exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for individuals at high risk of acquiring HIV.

Resistance to antiretrovirals arises when the virus mutates to evade drug action. Regular viral load monitoring and adherence to therapy are essential to prevent resistance. Side‑effect profiles differ among drug classes, with some agents causing metabolic disturbances, gastrointestinal upset, or central nervous system symptoms. Newer drugs often offer improved tolerability and fewer drug–drug interactions.

Epidemiologically, antiretrovirals have transformed HIV from a fatal disease into a manageable chronic condition. Global efforts, such as the UNAIDS 90‑90‑90 targets, emphasize testing, linkage to care, and viral suppression through ART. Continued research into novel agents, simplified dosing, and vaccine development remains crucial to achieving long‑term control or eradication of HIV.