antipapal

Antipapal refers to opposition to the pope or the papacy. This opposition can take various forms and has historical roots in religious, political, and theological disputes. Historically, antipapal sentiment was prominent during the Protestant Reformation when reformers like Martin Luther challenged the authority and doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, viewing the pope as an illegitimate or even antichristian figure. This led to the establishment of various Protestant denominations that rejected papal authority.

Beyond the Reformation, antipapal sentiment has also manifested in secular contexts. Throughout history, various European monarchs and states have resisted papal influence over political affairs, seeking to assert national sovereignty and control over religious institutions within their territories. This often involved limiting the power of the church and its representatives, including the pope.

In contemporary times, antipapal views are primarily held by non-Catholic Christians, such as Protestants and Orthodox Christians, who do not recognize the pope's supremacy. However, the term can also encompass broader skepticism or criticism of the papacy's historical role, its political entanglements, or specific papal pronouncements and actions, regardless of religious affiliation. The degree and nature of antipapal sentiment can vary widely, from outright rejection of papal authority to more nuanced critiques.