antilanguage

Antilanguage refers to a specialized vocabulary and grammar used by a subordinate or deviant group that is in some way opposed to the dominant language of the society. It is not merely slang or jargon, but a systematic linguistic system designed to define and reinforce group identity and to conceal their activities and beliefs from outsiders. The concept was developed by linguist Michael Halliday in the 1970s, who studied its use by criminal gangs.

Antilanguage functions as a form of linguistic opposition. It creates a separate reality for the group, setting them apart from the mainstream and fostering solidarity among members. This is achieved through various linguistic mechanisms. For instance, words might be given new meanings, often the opposite of their original sense, or entirely new words may be coined. Grammatical structures can also be altered to reflect the group's worldview.

The purpose of antilanguage is often to maintain secrecy, facilitating communication among members without being understood by those outside the group. It can also serve to assert the group's distinctiveness and their rejection of societal norms. By using antilanguage, members can reinforce their shared identity and create a sense of belonging that is separate from the dominant culture. Examples can be found in various subcultures, including criminal organizations, revolutionary groups, and certain youth subcultures.