antiHNAs

Anti-human neural autoantibodies, often abbreviated as anti-HNAs, are a class of autoantibodies that target specific components of the human nervous system. These antibodies are produced by an individual's own immune system and mistakenly identify neural proteins as foreign invaders. The presence of anti-HNAs is often associated with a range of neurological disorders, collectively known as autoimmune encephalitis or other autoimmune neuropathies.

The specific neural antigens targeted by anti-HNAs can vary, leading to different clinical presentations. Some common targets include receptors and ion channels found on neurons, such as NMDA receptors, LGI1, CASPR2, and GABA receptors. When these antibodies bind to their targets, they can disrupt normal neuronal function, leading to symptoms like seizures, cognitive impairment, psychiatric disturbances, movement disorders, and autonomic dysfunction.

Diagnosis of anti-HNA associated disorders typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, neuroimaging, and laboratory testing. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid analysis are crucial for detecting the presence and type of anti-HNAs. Treatment strategies aim to reduce the autoimmune attack on the nervous system and often involve immunosuppressive therapies, immunotherapy (such as plasma exchange or intravenous immunoglobulin), and symptomatic management of neurological deficits. Research into anti-HNAs continues to expand our understanding of autoimmune neurological diseases and improve diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.