amoksiliini

Amoksiliin, also known as amoxicillin, is a broad‑spectrum beta‑lactam antibiotic in the penicillin group. It works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to penicillin‑binding proteins, which leads to rapid bacterial cell death. It is considered bactericidal and is commonly used to treat a range of infections caused by susceptible organisms.

The antibiotic has activity against many Gram‑positive cocci, including Streptococcus species and some Staphylococcus aureus (typically non‑resistant strains), as well as certain Gram‑negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis. It is less effective against beta‑lactamase–producing organisms; combinations with beta‑lactamase inhibitors (for example amoxicillin/clavulanate) broaden its spectrum to include resistant strains. Amoksiliin is not reliably active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa or many anaerobes in routine indications.

Common clinical uses include respiratory tract infections (such as otitis media, sinusitis, and pneumonia), streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis, uncomplicated urinary tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and some dental infections. It is also used in certain Helicobacter pylori treatment regimens when combined with other agents. Dosing is typically weight‑based in children (roughly 20–40 mg/kg per day in divided doses, up to about 90 mg/kg/day for some indications) and standard in adults (often 250–500 mg every 8–12 hours, with higher doses for more severe infections). Amoksiliin is available as tablets, chewable tablets, and oral suspensions.

Pharmacokinetically, amoksiliin is well absorbed orally, with peak plasma levels in 1–2 hours and a half‑life of about 1 hour in individuals with normal renal function. It is primarily excreted by the kidneys, necessitating dose adjustments in renal impairment. Common adverse effects include gastrointestinal upset, rash, and hypersensitivity reactions; there is a risk of secondary infections such as Clostridioides difficile and, rarely, anaphylaxis. Drug interactions can occur with probenecid or allopurinol.

Regulatory status and formulations vary by country, but amoksiliin remains one of the most widely prescribed antibiotics worldwide, available in both generic forms and combination preparations.