amikacins

Amikacin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic belonging to the aminoglycoside class, primarily used to treat serious bacterial infections. It was first synthesized in the 1970s and remains a key medication in clinical practice due to its effectiveness against Gram-negative bacteria, including *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*, *Escherichia coli*, and *Klebsiella pneumoniae*. Amikacin works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, disrupting the formation of essential proteins necessary for bacterial survival.

The drug is typically administered intravenously or intramuscularly, as oral absorption is poor. It is often reserved for severe or life-threatening infections where other antibiotics may be ineffective or contraindicated. Common uses include treating urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, sepsis, and complications from surgical procedures. Amikacin may also be used in combination with other antibiotics to enhance efficacy, particularly in cases of multidrug-resistant organisms.

Like other aminoglycosides, amikacin carries risks of adverse effects. The most serious include nephrotoxicity (kidney damage) and ototoxicity (hearing loss or balance disorders), which can occur due to its accumulation in sensitive tissues. Monitoring of renal function and auditory status is essential during treatment. Other potential side effects include nausea, vomiting, fever, and allergic reactions. Dosage adjustments are often required in patients with impaired kidney function to minimize toxicity.

Resistance to amikacin can develop through enzymatic inactivation by bacterial enzymes or mutations in ribosomal targets. Due to its high efficacy and limited alternatives, amikacin is sometimes used as a last-resort treatment for infections caused by resistant bacteria. However, its use is carefully balanced against the risks of toxicity and the emergence of resistance.