alkioden

Alkaloïden, or alkaloids, are a broad class of naturally occurring nitrogen-containing organic compounds that are predominantly basic in nature. They are mainly produced by plants as secondary metabolites, though some fungi, bacteria, and marine organisms also synthesize them. Most alkaloids contain one or more heterocyclic rings that include nitrogen, which gives them their basic character and pharmacological activity.

Alkaloids are notable for a wide range of biological effects and medical uses. They often interact with nervous system targets such as receptors and transporters. Many alkaloids are used as medicines—morphine and codeine as analgesics; quinine and related compounds as antimalarials; atropine as a muscarinic antagonist; caffeine as a stimulant; nicotine as a central nervous system stimulant. Others are highly toxic, and some are regulated due to abuse potential, such as cocaine and certain morphine derivatives.

Biosynthesis and classification: Alkaloids are typically derived from amino acids such as tyrosine, tryptophan, ornithine, or lysine. Based on skeletal structure they are grouped into several categories, including indole alkaloids (e.g., strychnine, reserpine), isoquinoline alkaloids (e.g., morphine), tropane alkaloids (e.g., atropine, cocaine), quinoline alkaloids, piperidine alkaloids, and xanthine alkaloids (e.g., caffeine, theobromine). This structural diversity underpins a wide range of biological activities.

Extraction and safety: Alkaloids are commonly extracted from plant material using acid-base methods and purified by crystallization or chromatography. Because many alkaloids have potent physiological effects, their handling, production, and distribution are subject to regulation in many jurisdictions.