alfahidroxi

Alfadhidroxi, often referred to in English as alpha-hydroxy, describes organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl group attached to the carbon atom adjacent to a carbonyl group. The alpha position is the carbon next to the carbonyl, and this arrangement is found in α-hydroxy acids, α-hydroxy ketones, and α-hydroxy esters. The presence of the hydroxyl group near the carbonyl influences the chemical reactivity and acidity of these molecules, making them distinct from simple alcohols or carboxylic acids.

Structurally, α-hydroxy compounds typically feature a carbonyl-bearing chain with a secondary alcohol on the adjacent carbon. In IUPAC terms, the hydroxyl-bearing carbon is C-2 when the carbonyl carbon is C-1. This motif is common across several subtypes, including α-hydroxy acids, which are widely discussed in both organic chemistry and biochemistry.

Examples of α-hydroxy acids include glycolic acid (2-hydroxyethanoic acid) and lactic acid (2-hydroxypropanoic acid). Mandelic acid (2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid) is another well-known α-hydroxy compound. Beyond acids, the category also encompasses related α-hydroxy derivatives such as certain esters and ketones used in various chemical contexts.

Applications and significance vary by subtype. α-Hydroxy acids are prominent in dermatology and cosmetics as exfoliating agents, promoting skin renewal and improving texture. In organic synthesis, α-hydroxy carbonyl compounds serve as versatile intermediates in reactions such as oxidations, reductions, and aldol-type processes. While useful, α-hydroxy compounds can be more reactive and may require caution regarding irritation or sensitivity in topical applications.