affektiva

Affektiva is a term used in several European languages, including Swedish and German, to refer to affective or mood-related phenomena. In clinical psychiatry, affektiva (affective disorders or mood disorders) describe conditions marked by disturbances of mood, emotion, and energy that affect daily functioning. The core distinction is between depressive episodes and manic or hypomanic episodes, with some conditions featuring both (the bipolar spectrum).

The main categories are depressive disorders (such as major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder) and bipolar and related disorders (including bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymia). These disorders are characterized by episodes of depressed mood, anhedonia, fatigue, sleep and appetite changes, and, in manic or hypomanic states, elevated or expansive mood, increased activity, faster thoughts, and decreased need for sleep. The course can be episodic or recurrent, and mood symptoms may occur with varying degrees of severity and impairment.

Diagnosis relies on standardized criteria (DSM-5-TR or ICD-11) focusing on symptom duration, severity, impact on functioning, and temporal pattern. Common comorbidities include anxiety disorders, substance use, and certain medical conditions. Treatment typically involves a combination of pharmacotherapy (antidepressants, mood stabilizers such as lithium or anticonvulsants, and antipsychotics when needed) and psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy). For bipolar disorders, mood stabilization is central, with psychotherapy supporting adherence and functioning. Non-pharmacological approaches such as sleep regulation, exercise, and social support also play a role.

Prognosis varies; many individuals experience remission between episodes, though relapse is common without ongoing care. Mood disorders are among the most common mental health conditions worldwide and contribute substantially to disability and healthcare burden.