adverbiaali

Adverbiaali is a grammatical function that provides circumstantial information about the action of a verb or the situation described by a sentence. It is often called an adverbial in English-language descriptions and is treated as a functional role that can be realized in several ways. In Finnish grammar, adverbiaali denotes this adverbial function, distinct from the lexical category of adverbs (adverbeja).

Adverbiaali expresses various kinds of circumstances, most commonly time, place, and manner. It can also convey reason, purpose, condition, concession, result, frequency, or degree. The information supplied by an adverbiaali answers questions such as when, where, how, why, or under what circumstances something happened. Because many languages encode adverbial information in multiple forms, a single adverbiaali category can be realized by different structures.

Forms and realizations vary across languages. Adverbiaali can appear as a single adverb, a multi-word adverbial phrase, a prepositional phrase, or a subordinate clause functioning as an adverbial. In inflected languages, adverbial meaning can be expressed through case-marked noun phrases or other syntactic constructions, not only through adverbs. The precise boundaries between adverbiaali and related categories (such as adverb phrases or adverbial clauses) differ among linguistic analyses.

Position in a sentence is relatively flexible. In many languages, adverbiaali attaches to the verb phrase or to the sentence as a whole, with common fronting or end-position variations. Its interpretation is largely dependent on context and intonation.

Examples (Finnish with translations): Hän meni nopeasti. (He went quickly. - manner) Huomenna on koe. (Tomorrow there is a test. - time) Hän asui Pariisissa. (He lived in Paris. - place)