adenopatia

Adenopathy, or lymphadenopathy, is the enlargement of one or more lymph nodes. Lymph nodes may enlarge as part of a normal immune response or due to infection, inflammation, or malignant disease. The term can refer to localized adenopathy associated with a nearby infection, or generalized adenopathy affecting multiple nodal sites.

Common causes of localized adenopathy include infections of the head and neck (viral pharyngitis, strep throat), dental infections, or skin injuries near the drainage area. Generalized adenopathy may be seen with viral illnesses such as Epstein-Barr virus or cytomegalovirus, autoimmune diseases, drug reactions, or hematologic cancers (lymphoma, leukemia) and other systemic conditions.

Clinical features vary. Nodes may be tender and mobile in infection, or firm, non-tender, and fixed in malignancy. In adults, unusually large nodes, rapidly enlarging nodes, supraclavicular or abdominal nodes, fever, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, or persistent lymphadenopathy beyond a few weeks warrant further assessment.

Evaluation typically includes a detailed history and physical examination, basic laboratory tests, and, if indicated, imaging and biopsy. Tests may include complete blood count, inflammatory markers, serology for relevant infections, and ultrasound or CT to assess nodal structure. A biopsy may be required if nodes are hard, fixed, or show concerning features or persist without cause.

Most adenopathy due to benign infection or inflammation resolves without specific treatment. Management focuses on treating the underlying cause, observation for self-limited cases, and referral to a clinician for persistent, progressive, or suspicious nodes. Prognosis depends on the underlying condition.