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Actuators are components of a machine or system that are responsible for moving or controlling a mechanism or system. They are a type of device that converts energy, typically from a pneumatic, hydraulic, electric, or thermal source, into mechanical motion. This motion is then used to perform a specific task, such as opening a valve, moving a robotic arm, or adjusting a lever.

The primary function of an actuator is to provide the force and displacement needed to operate a system. They are the "muscles" of automated machinery, enabling precise control over physical processes. For example, in a manufacturing robot, electric actuators might move joints to pick up and place objects, while in a car's braking system, hydraulic actuators apply pressure to the brake pads.

Actuators can be categorized based on their power source and the type of motion they produce. Linear actuators move in a straight line, while rotary actuators produce rotational motion. Common types include electric motors, solenoids, pneumatic cylinders, and hydraulic cylinders. The selection of an actuator depends on factors such as the required force, speed, precision, and operating environment. They are fundamental to the operation of countless technologies, from simple household appliances to complex industrial automation and aerospace systems.