acropolis

An acropolis is a citadel located on a high rocky hill, serving as the political, religious, and ceremonial center of an ancient Greek city. The word itself means “high city.” While many Greek towns had acropoleis, the best known is the Acropolis of Athens, which dominates the city and offers a concentrated ensemble of classical monuments.

The Acropolis of Athens dates chiefly to the 5th century BCE, constructed under Pericles during the height of Athenian power. Its principal buildings include the Parthenon, the Erechtheion, the Propylaea, and the Temple of Athena Nike. The Parthenon, a Doric temple dedicated to Athena Parthenos, epitomizes classical architecture with refined proportions, sculptural programs, and optical refinements. The Erechtheion is noted for its Caryatids, while the Propylaea forms the monumental gateway. The structures symbolize the city’s political and religious identity and its centralized planning.

Architecturally, acropleis complexes are celebrated for their use of marble, sophisticated proportioning, and sculptural programs by renowned artists such as Phidias. The term acropolis has broader usage as any elevated fortress or citadel in Greek cities, but the Acropolis of Athens is the most prominent example and a key symbol of ancient Greek civilization.

Throughout history, the Acropolis has served various functions, including a fortress, a religious center, and a monumental display of power. It suffered damage from earthquakes, fires, and conflicts, most notably in 1687 when a munitions explosion damaged its buildings. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage site and continues to be a focus of archaeological study and conservation.