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Acidosis is a medical condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of acid in the blood, leading to a decrease in blood pH. The body maintains a tightly regulated pH balance, typically between 7.35 and 7.45, which is crucial for optimal cellular function. When this balance is disrupted and the pH falls below 7.35, acidosis is present.

There are two primary types of acidosis: respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis. Respiratory acidosis occurs when the lungs are unable to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2), a volatile acid, from the body. This can be caused by conditions that impair breathing, such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or drug overdose. Metabolic acidosis arises from an imbalance in the body's acid-base metabolism, often due to the accumulation of non-volatile acids or the loss of bicarbonate, which acts as a buffer. Causes of metabolic acidosis include kidney failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, severe diarrhea, and certain toxins.

Symptoms of acidosis can vary depending on the underlying cause and severity. Mild acidosis might present with no noticeable symptoms, while more severe cases can lead to rapid breathing, confusion, lethargy, nausea, vomiting, and even coma. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to measure blood gases, electrolytes, and pH. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause and restoring the body's acid-base balance.