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Zitations

Zitation is the act and result of citing sources in scholarly writing. The term originates in German, where the plural is Zitationen, but the concept is used worldwide under the English term citation. A Zitation serves to attribute ideas, verify statements, and guide readers to the original sources. It also enables the scholarly conversation to be traced and measured.

There are two main forms: in-text citations and bibliographic references. In-text citations appear within the body

Citation styles specify formatting rules and may govern punctuation, order of elements, and the use of abbreviations.

In practice, researchers use citation management tools (for example Zotero, JabRef, EndNote) to collect, organize, and

Ethical use of citations requires accurate attribution, avoidance of plagiarism, and awareness of bias, including excessive

of
a
work,
either
as
parenthetical
notes
or
integrated
into
the
sentence.
Bibliographic
references
provide
complete
details
for
each
source
and
appear
in
a
reference
list,
endnotes,
or
footnotes,
depending
on
the
style.
Common
styles
include
APA,
MLA,
Chicago,
and
ISO
690.
Typical
elements
include
author(s),
year
of
publication,
title,
source
(journal
name
or
book),
volume
and
issue,
page
numbers,
and
identifiers
such
as
DOI
or
URL.
Depending
on
the
style,
locating
information
may
be
placed
in
a
different
sequence
and
punctuation.
insert
citations.
Persistent
identifiers
like
DOIs
improve
reliability
and
machine
readability,
while
data
and
code
can
be
cited
as
separate
data
citations.
Citation
databases
(Web
of
Science,
Scopus)
track
the
frequency
and
context
of
citations,
contributing
to
metrics
such
as
citation
counts
and
h-index.
self-citation
or
citation
of
non-relevant
sources.
Proper
citation
practices
support
reproducibility,
scholarly
dialogue,
and
the
integrity
of
academic
work.