Zahlungsmittelknappheit

Zahlungsmittel, or means of payment, are instruments or processes that enable the transfer of value to settle monetary obligations in an economy. They fulfill functions as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value, though these roles vary by instrument and context. Broadly, Zahlungsmittel can be categorized as cash and cash equivalents (coins and banknotes), non-cash payment instruments (cards, checks in some markets, bank transfers), and digital or electronic forms (electronic money, mobile payments, online wallets, and cryptocurrencies).

Cash remains legal tender in most jurisdictions and is typically issued by a central bank. Non-cash payments are provided by banks, card networks, payment service providers, and fintechs, and are often faster, more convenient, and easier to trace than cash. Digital forms increasingly enable remote or contactless transactions, peer-to-peer transfers, and cross-border payments, frequently leveraging online platforms and payment rails.

Regulation aims to ensure security, consumer protection, privacy, and anti-money laundering compliance, while competition and interoperability seek cost efficiency and broad access. The rise of digital payments has influenced monetary policy, financial inclusion, and the design of new instruments such as real-time payment schemes and, in some countries, central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). Across regions, acceptance, infrastructure, and costs vary, reflecting differences in regulation, technology, and consumer behavior. Overall, Zahlungsmittel evolve with technology and regulation to support efficient, trustworthy exchange of value.