ZFE

ZFE stands for Zone à faibles émissions, a designated urban area where access is restricted for motor vehicles based on their emissions. The aim is to reduce air pollutants such as fine particles and nitrogen oxides and to encourage the transition to cleaner mobility. In France, ZFE are created by regional or prefectural authorities under national environmental and transport legislation. Access restrictions typically use the Crit’Air classification system, which assigns a color-coded sticker to each vehicle according to its emissions. Vehicles with higher emission levels are subject to tighter restrictions, with exemptions sometimes granted for residents, essential goods transport, public services, and emergency vehicles. The zones are enforced through cameras and patrols, and penalties accrue for non-compliance.

ZFE have been implemented in several French metropolitan areas and are planned in others, with the scope and dates varying by locality. The concept is also used in other European countries under different names, such as low-emission zones and ultra-low emission zones, often linked to broader air-quality and climate objectives.

Critics note that ZFE can burden low-income residents and small businesses who rely on older vehicles, and effective implementation requires accompanying measures such as public transit improvements, vehicle scrappage programs, and affordable clean vehicle options. Supporters argue that ZFE provide immediate air-quality benefits and accelerate the transition to cleaner transport.