Wasserkraftwerk

A Wasserkraftwerk is a hydroelectric power plant that generates electricity by harnessing the kinetic energy of flowing or falling water. The plant typically consists of a dam or diversion structure, a penstock to convey water under pressure to a turbine, and a generator coupled to the turbine shaft. As water turns the turbine blades, the mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy by the generator and transmitted to the grid.

Hydroelectricity was first developed in the early 19th century, with the earliest commercial plants operated in Switzerland and the United States. The technology rapidly expanded during the 20th century as large reservoirs were constructed to provide a stable water supply and flood control, leading to the widespread adoption of hydroelectricity in many countries.

There are several major types of hydroelectric facilities. Run‑of‑the‑river plants use minimal storage and depend on natural river flows. Reservoir or storage plants create large impoundments that can be operated for power generation or water supply. Pumped‑storage plants act as large batteries by moving water between upper and lower reservoirs, allowing surplus energy to be stored during low demand periods and released when demand rises.

Hydroelectricity offers a renewable source of low‑carbon electricity and can provide rapid start‑up and grid stability. However, the environmental impact of large dams, including ecosystem disruption, displacement of communities, and sedimentation, has prompted careful assessment and the use of smaller, less intrusive solutions in many regions.