Vulkanisationssystem

Vulkanisation is a chemical process that converts natural rubber and polymers into more durable materials by adding sulfur or other equivalent curatives or accelerators. This process, often referred to as vulcanization, creates cross-links between individual polymer chains, significantly improving the rubber's elasticity, tensile strength, and resistance to wear and temperature. Without vulcanization, natural rubber is sticky, brittle in cold temperatures, and softens excessively in heat.

The discovery of vulcanization by Charles Goodyear in 1839 revolutionized the use of rubber. Prior to this, rubber products had limited practical applications due to their instability. Goodyear's process involved heating rubber with sulfur, resulting in a material that retained its properties over a much wider range of temperatures and stresses.

A vulcanisation system typically comprises several components. Sulfur is the most common cross-linking agent, but other chemicals like peroxides or metal oxides can also be used depending on the specific polymer and desired properties. Accelerators are added to increase the rate of vulcanization and allow it to occur at lower temperatures or in shorter times. Activators, such as zinc oxide and stearic acid, enhance the efficiency of the accelerators. Fillers, like carbon black or silica, are often incorporated to improve mechanical properties such as strength and abrasion resistance, as well as to reduce cost. Antioxidants and antiozonants are also included to protect the vulcanized rubber from degradation caused by oxygen and ozone. The precise composition of a vulcanisation system is tailored to the specific application and the type of rubber being processed.