Vetykloridi

Vetykloridi, also known as hydrogen chloride (HCl), is a diatomic molecular compound. At room temperature it exists as a colorless gas with a sharp, acrid odor. It is highly soluble in water and forms hydrochloric acid (HCl(aq)); the aqueous solution is a strong mineral acid widely used in industry and laboratories.

Physical properties: HCl has a boiling point of −85.05 °C and a melting point of −114.2 °C. The gas is denser than air and may accumulate near the ground when released. It dissolves readily in water, with dissolution being exothermic. In aqueous solution, it forms chloride ions and hydronium ions, giving a strongly acidic solution. HCl participates in numerous reactions, including chlorination and the formation of metal chlorides.

Production and handling: Industrially, hydrogen chloride is produced mainly by direct synthesis of hydrogen and chlorine: H2 + Cl2 → 2 HCl. It can also be prepared by reacting concentrated sulfuric acid with sodium chloride to release HCl gas, which is then scrubbed and compressed for use. HCl is stored and transported in corrosion-resistant vessels, often lined with compatible plastics or coatings, and kept dry to prevent hydrolysis. In the laboratory, it is commonly supplied as dissolved hydrochloric acid or as compressed gas.

Uses: HCl is a versatile reagent. It is used for pH control, metal leaching, production of chlorides, and as a reactant in organic syntheses to introduce chlorine into molecules.

Safety: Vetykloridi is highly corrosive and an irritant. Inhalation or skin contact can cause severe irritation, burns, and respiratory damage. It reacts with moisture to form hydrochloric acid, and it can corrode metals. Proper ventilation, protective equipment, and storage in corrosive-resistant equipment are required.