Veenafgraving

Veenafgraving, or peat extraction, is the process of harvesting peat from peatlands (veen). Peat is accumulated plant material that has partially decomposed under waterlogged conditions. Historically, peat was a major energy source and a raw material for horticultural substrates; it remains valued in some regions for soil conditioning and as a growing medium, though many uses are shifting toward peat-free alternatives.

The extraction process typically begins with draining the bog through networked ditches to lower the water table and make the peat accessible. Machines such as peat cutters or excavators cut or scoop the peat, which is then transported to processing sites or directly used. After extraction, the disturbed land may be left to dry, flooded, or progressively restored, depending on land-use plans. In some cases, long-term drainage or rewetting determines the final landscape outcome, ranging from agricultural fields to freshwater lakes or nature reserves.

Environmental and climatic aspects are central to peat extraction. Draining peatlands releases stored carbon and can cause subsidence, water quality changes, and loss of habitat for specialized flora and fauna. Because peatlands act as important carbon sinks, many countries regulate or phase out peat extraction, promote rewetting and restoration, and encourage alternative growing media and fuels. Restoration efforts aim to reestablish hydrology, promote biodiversity, and reduce ongoing greenhouse gas emissions.

Today, veenafgraving is often limited to specific sites under strict environmental oversight. Many former peat areas are being restored or repurposed for nature conservation, recreation, or sustainable land use, with a growing emphasis on peat-free horticulture and carbon-friendly land management.