Võgotski

Lev Vygotsky, born Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky, was a prominent Soviet psychologist and theorist. He is best known for his work on cognitive development and his sociocultural theory. Vygotsky's theories emphasize the crucial role of social interaction and cultural context in shaping a child's intellectual growth. He believed that learning occurs through collaboration with more knowledgeable individuals, such as parents, teachers, or peers, who provide guidance and support.

A central concept in Vygotsky's work is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). This refers to the gap between what a learner can achieve independently and what they can accomplish with assistance. Vygotsky argued that effective education should focus on this zone, providing challenges that are just beyond a child's current abilities but achievable with help. He also introduced the idea of scaffolding, which is the temporary support provided to a learner during a task.

Vygotsky also highlighted the importance of language in cognitive development. He proposed that language serves not only as a means of communication but also as a tool for thinking and organizing thoughts. Internalized speech, or private speech, was seen as a crucial step in the development of higher mental functions. His ideas have had a significant impact on educational practices and developmental psychology, though his work was largely unrecognized in the West until decades after his death.