Urineanalyse

Urineanalyse, often called urinalysis, is a laboratory test that examines urine to assess kidney function, urinary tract health, and certain systemic diseases. It typically comprises a physical examination, chemical analysis (dipstick), and microscopic evaluation of the urine sediment.

Specimen collection is essential. Common types include a random spot sample, a clean-catch midstream sample for infection evaluation, a first-morning sample, or a 24-hour collection for quantitative measurements. Proper collection and timely analysis minimize contamination and false results.

Physical and chemical examination includes visual inspection for color, clarity, and odor, along with measurements of volume, specific gravity, and pH. Chemical tests on the dipstick measure parameters such as protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, urobilinogen, nitrites, leukocyte esterase, and sometimes blood.

Microscopic examination involves sediment analysis to identify red and white blood cells, epithelial cells, bacteria, crystals, and casts. The presence of red blood cells (hematuria), white blood cells (pyuria), bacteria, or crystals can indicate infection, stone disease, inflammation, or metabolic abnormalities.

Interpretation and limitations: Positive nitrites or leukocyte esterase suggests bacterial infection; proteinuria may indicate glomerular or tubular disease; glucosuria or ketonuria can reflect diabetes or fasting; hematuria requires further evaluation. Findings must be interpreted in the clinical context.

Clinical use and quality considerations: Urineanalyse is a standard screening and diagnostic tool in medicine, used for initial assessment and monitoring of urinary and systemic conditions. Preanalytical factors such as contamination, hydration status, menstruation, and recent exercise can influence results, and abnormal findings often require confirmatory testing.