Turkmen

The Turkmen are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia, primarily in Turkmenistan where they form the majority of the population. Smaller communities are found in Iran, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, and Russia, and there are diaspora populations in Turkey and Europe. They speak Turkmen, a member of the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family, closely related to Turkish and Azerbaijani. The name Turkmen has historical roots in medieval sources, referring to tribal confederations.

Historically, many Turkmen led nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyles, moving across the steppes and deserts of the region. They were organized into tribal groups and khanates before being incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 19th century and later the Soviet Union. Turkmenistan became independent after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

Culturally, the Turkmen are known for carpet weaving, metalwork, and distinctive handicrafts, with regional styles reflecting tribal identities. The Akhal-Teke horse, renowned for speed and a metallic sheen, is associated with Turkmen heritage. The country’s desert geography and Silk Road history have shaped traditional crafts, music, and social practices.

Religion is predominantly Islam, with Sunni Muslim practices being the most common. Contemporary Turkmen society emphasizes language, customs, and a strong sense of national identity, while government policies influence cultural life and public expression.