Traité

A trait é, or treaty, is a formal written agreement that governs rights and obligations of the parties under international law. Treaties are typically concluded between states, and increasingly involve international organizations, or between organizations and states. They can address a wide range of issues, including peace and security, trade, borders, disarmament, environment, and human rights.

Etymology and usage: The term trait é comes from the French traiter, to deal with or negotiate, which in turn derives from Latin tractare. In many languages, including English and French, the word denotes a binding agreement reached through negotiation and formalized in writing.

Legal framework: The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) provides the main codification of treaty law. A treaty is defined as an international agreement concluded between states in written form and governed by international law, and it may be embodied in a single instrument or in related instruments, regardless of its designation. Entry into force typically follows ratification, acceptance, or accession by a specified number of parties. Reservations are allowed for certain provisions unless prohibited by the treaty or by general international law. A depository (often a state or international organization) keeps the official text and handles amendments and notifications.

Types and examples: Treaties vary in scope and form. They may be bilateral (two parties) or multilateral (many parties), universal or regional, and can be called conventions, covenants, protocols, or accords. Notable examples include the Treaty of Versailles (1919), the North Atlantic Treaty (1949), the Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968), and various environmental and human rights instruments.

Effect and duration: Parties are bound by the treaty’s terms in good faith (pacta sunt servanda). Treaties may be amended, reviewed, terminated, or denounced in accordance with their provisions or the Vienna Convention, subject to applicable conditions and timeframes.