Toppenergier
Toppenergier describes the highest levels of energy available or required in various contexts, including physics, engineering, and energy management. In particle physics the term is applied to the most energetic processes observed in high‑energy colliders and cosmic ray experiments. The energies involved range from tera‑electronvolt (TeV) collisions at the Large Hadron Collider to ultra‑high–energy cosmic rays with energies above 1018 electronvolts. These extreme energies allow scientists to probe fundamental particles such as the top quark, whose mass is close to the Higcal scale and whose production requires the highest available collision energies.