Topiary

Topiary is the horticultural practice of shaping perennial plants by pruning and training them to form ornamental figures and structures. It typically relies on evergreen species with dense, slow-growing foliage that can be easily controlled through regular clipping.

Common plants used for topiary include boxwood (Buxus sempervirens), yew (Taxus baccata), privet (Ligustrum spp.), holly (Ilex spp.), and other dense shrubs. In some climates, species such as juniper, myrtle, or rosemary are used for specific shapes. Forms are created through clipping and shearing, and larger sculptures are often built around wire frames or supports to guide growth.

Maintenance involves regular trimming to preserve the intended silhouette, with more frequent pruning during the growing season. Plant health and climate influence species choice, and gardeners must monitor for pests and diseases, notably those affecting boxwood, which can impact traditional topiary programs.

History and development: Topiary originated in ancient Rome and was refined in medieval and Renaissance gardens in Europe. It reached notable prominence in English formal gardens of the 17th and 18th centuries, where elaborate parterres and sculptural shrubs became a distinctive feature. The practice has persisted into modern garden design, spanning formal, whimsical, and contemporary interpretations.

Notable examples and current practice: Historic collections include the topiary gardens at Levens Hall in England, among the oldest and largest surviving topiary displays. Today, topiary remains common in formal gardens, parks, and private landscapes, valued for structure, year-round interest, and creative expression. Gardeners often diversify species to reduce risk from disease and adapt designs to climate and space constraints.