Toolstones

Toolstones are a category of naturally occurring stones that were historically used to create tools. Before the widespread use of metals, humans and pre-human hominins relied on stone for a vast array of implements. The selection of toolstones was crucial, as their properties directly influenced the effectiveness and durability of the resulting tools. Key characteristics sought in toolstones include hardness, conchoidal fracture, and fine grain.

Hardness was important for creating sharp edges that could withstand the stresses of cutting, scraping, and pounding. A stone that was too soft would quickly dull or break, rendering the tool ineffective. Conchoidal fracture is a type of fracture that produces smooth, curved surfaces, often with sharp edges. This property is essential for knapping, the process of shaping stone by striking it with another object to remove flakes. Stones that exhibit conchoidal fracture, such as flint and obsidian, were highly prized for their ability to be shaped into precise and sharp tools.

A fine grain was also desirable as it contributed to a sharper and more durable cutting edge. Coarse-grained stones tend to fracture unevenly, creating jagged edges that are less effective and more prone to breakage. Common toolstones include flint, chert, obsidian, quartzite, and basalt. The availability and type of toolstones in a particular region significantly influenced the development of tool technologies and prehistoric cultures.