TitaniumIII

Titanium(III) refers to compounds in which titanium is in the +3 oxidation state, denoted Ti3+. These species appear in a range of inorganic salts and organometallic complexes. Ti(III) compounds are typically generated by reducing Ti(IV) precursors under strictly anhydrous conditions and are often stabilized by ligands that support a d1 configuration.

The electronic structure of Ti3+ is [Ar] 3d1, giving one unpaired electron. As a result, Ti(III) species are paramagnetic and behave as one-electron reductants. They are typically air- and moisture-sensitive, readily oxidizing back to Ti(IV). The color of Ti(III) compounds is highly dependent on ligands and geometry, reflecting their ligand-field environment.

Common examples include titanium trichloride (TiCl3) and various organometallic complexes such as titanocene(III) chloride (Cp2TiCl). Ti(III) reagents are used as single-electron donors in organic synthesis and as precursors to low-valent titanium species. In solution, Ti(III) forms adducts with solvents like THF or acetonitrile that stabilize the metal center.

Handling and safety: Ti(III) compounds are typically stored under inert atmosphere; moisture and oxygen exposure cause oxidation to Ti(IV). They should be handled with appropriate protective equipment and in fume hoods. Due to their reducing properties, they can react with oxidizers or container materials, and some Ti(III) species are pyrophoric in certain conditions.