TissueEngineered

Tissueengineering, often described with the adjective tissueengineered, is an interdisciplinary field pursuing biological substitutes that restore or enhance the function of damaged tissues. It combines biology, materials science, and engineering to design living constructs for implantation, regeneration, or scientific study.

Most tissueengineered products rely on three components: cells, scaffolds, and signaling molecules. Scaffolds provide 3D support; cells generate tissue; growth factors direct differentiation and organization. Methods include scaffold-based approaches, scaffold-free cell sheets, decellularized matrices, and 3D bioprinting.

Cell sources include autologous, allogeneic, and stem cells such as mesenchymal or induced pluripotent stem cells. Scaffolds use natural polymers, synthetic polymers, and ceramics designed to match tissue mechanics and promote integration, vascularization, and remodeling.

Applications cover skin and soft tissue repair, bone and cartilage regeneration, vascular and ocular tissues, and disease models for drug testing. Some tissueengineered products are used clinically, particularly for skin and cartilage repair, while many efforts remain in preclinical stages.

Key challenges include achieving vascularization, innervation, and durable function after implantation; immune compatibility and scale-up; and navigating regulatory and manufacturing hurdles. Ethical considerations focus on cell sources, consent, and equitable access.