TienSzan

TienSzan, also transliterated as Tian Shan or Tienshan, is a major mountain system in Central Asia. It extends roughly 2,500 kilometers across parts of Kyrgyzstan, southern Kazakhstan, and China's Xinjiang region. The range forms a broad barrier between the Central Asian steppes to the north and the Tarim Basin and deserts to the south, with eastern sections near Issyk-Kul Lake in Kyrgyzstan.

The highest point is Jengish Chokusu (Pik Pobeda) at 7,439 meters; another prominent peak is Khan Tengri at 7,010 meters. The Tian Shans are the product of tectonic collision between the Indian subcontinent and Eurasia during the Cenozoic, and the range comprises a mix of metamorphic rocks, granites, and younger sedimentary units. It is heavily glaciated, containing numerous glaciers and permanent snowfields.

Climate and ecology vary with altitude, creating zones from forested foothills to alpine tundra. The region supports diverse flora and fauna, including snow leopards, argali sheep, ibex, and a variety of bird species. Several protected areas and nature reserves aim to conserve its ecosystems and glaciers, reflecting the range’s ecological significance.

Humans have inhabited the Tian Shan for millennia, and its foothills support pastoralism, mining, and tourism. Major cities such as Bishkek and Almaty lie near its margins, and historic Silk Road routes have crossed the range. In recent decades, the range has experienced glacier retreat and other environmental changes related to climate warming, affecting water resources and local communities.