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TiCl₄ (titanium tetrachloride) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula TiCl₄. It is a colorless to pale yellow liquid that fumes vigorously in moist air due to hydrolysis, producing dense hydrochloric acid fumes. TiCl₄ is a key precursor in the production of titanium metal and titanium dioxide, making it essential in various industrial applications.

Titanium tetrachloride is primarily used in the Kroll process, a method for refining titanium from its ores. In this process, TiCl₄ reacts with magnesium to produce titanium metal. It is also a critical reagent in the production of titanium dioxide (TiO₂), a white pigment widely used in paints, plastics, and papers. Additionally, TiCl₄ serves as a catalyst in organic synthesis, particularly in Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions.

TiCl₄ is highly reactive with water, alcohols, and other nucleophiles, which makes it corrosive and requires careful handling. It is typically stored under an inert atmosphere, such as nitrogen or argon, to prevent exposure to moisture. Due to its reactivity, TiCl₄ is usually handled in controlled environments, such as fume hoods, with appropriate protective equipment.

The compound is produced industrially through the chlorination of titanium dioxide or ilmenite (FeTiO₃), a common titanium ore. The reaction occurs at high temperatures in the presence of carbon or coke as a reducing agent. TiCl₄ is a volatile liquid with a boiling point of 136.4 °C, allowing for easy purification through distillation.

In addition to industrial uses, TiCl₄ has applications in electronics and materials science. It is used in the deposition of titanium films via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and as a dopant in semiconductor manufacturing. Its strong Lewis acid properties make it useful in certain chemical reactions, though its corrosive nature limits its direct industrial applications.

Safety precautions when handling TiCl₄ include avoiding contact with skin, eyes, and respiratory systems, as it can cause severe irritation and corrosion. Proper ventilation and protective gear, such as gloves and goggles, are necessary to minimize exposure risks. In case of accidental release, neutralizing agents like sodium bicarbonate may be used to mitigate its effects.