Thirukkural

Thirukkural, also known as the Kural, is a classic Tamil text attributed to the poet Thiruvalluvar. Composed in Tamil in the form of two-line couplets called kurals, it consists of 1330 couplets arranged into 133 chapters. The work is traditionally divided into three books: Aram (Virtue), Porul (Wealth and Governance), and Inbam (Love). The first book treats moral virtue, the second social and political ethics, and the third human love and family relations. The standard division assigns 380 couplets to Aram, 700 to Porul, and 250 to Inbam.

Each couplet conveys a concise maxim or principle; topics range from personal virtue and self-control to justice, leadership, social harmony, and interpersonal ethics. It is celebrated for its universal appeal and practical wisdom, often cited in discussions of ethics, governance, and education. Though written in a religiously neutral spirit, it reflects Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist ethical ideas that circulated in Tamil culture of the era.

Thirukkural is widely regarded as a cornerstone of Tamil literature and a work of world literature. It has been translated into many languages and commented upon by scholars throughout history. It has influenced education, governance, and personal conduct in Tamil society and beyond, and it is frequently cited for guidance on ethics and righteousness. Its concise, aphoristic style and emphasis on humane conduct have contributed to its enduring relevance.