Virtue

Virtue refers to a trait or quality of character that enables a person to act in ways that are morally good and conducive to flourishing. It is typically understood as a standard by which a person’s character can be judged and as something cultivated over time.

In ancient Greek philosophy, virtue (areté) is a trait that lies in the mean between excess and deficiency and is developed through habituation and practical wisdom (phronēsis) to achieve the good life or eudaimonia.

In Western Christian tradition, virtues are divided into cardinal virtues—prudence, justice, temperance, fortitude—and theological virtues—faith, hope, charity. In Confucian thought, virtue emphasizes ren (benevolence), li (ritual propriety), yi (righteousness), and filial piety as foundations of social harmony.

In contemporary moral philosophy, virtue ethics centers on character traits rather than rules or consequences and examines how virtues are acquired and exercised in daily life. Debates concern the universality of virtues versus cultural variation and how context shapes virtue.

Commonly cited virtues include courage, temperance, justice, wisdom, honesty, generosity, and humility.