kurals

Kurals are the two-line aphorisms that make up the Tirukural, a classic Tamil text attributed to the poet Thiruvalluvar. The work comprises 1330 kurals organized into 133 chapters across three thematic books: Aram (virtue), Porul (wealth), and Inbam (love). Each chapter contains ten kurals, presenting a concise compendium of ethical guidance and practical wisdom.

Form and content: Each kural is a compact couplet written in Tamil, known for its economical wording and pithy imagery. The kurals cover a broad range of topics, including personal virtue, ethical conduct, social harmony, governance, interpersonal relationships, and the duties of rulers and citizens. They pursue universal truths about how to live a good life, often balancing moral ideals with everyday practicality.

Themes and significance: The Tirukural is regarded as one of the most important works of Tamil literature and Indian moral philosophy. Its kurals advocate virtues such as honesty, compassion, self-control, hospitality, and prudent governance, while also emphasizing kindness, respect for others, and social responsibility. The text’s emphasis on universal human values has contributed to its enduring appeal beyond religious or regional boundaries.

Translations and influence: The Tirukural has been translated into many languages and widely studied in academic, literary, and educational contexts. Its concise two-line form makes it memorable and quotable, and its ethical and philosophical insights have influenced later Tamil literature as well as broader discussions of ethics and governance in South Asia. The kurals remain a central element of Tamil cultural and intellectual heritage.