Thebans

Thebans are the inhabitants of Thebes, a city in Boeotia, central Greece. The city sits on the Boeotian plain along the Ismenus river, roughly northwest of Athens. The term Theban (adjective) and Thebanite (less common) are used to refer to things connected with Thebes.

In mythology and early history, Thebes is said to have been founded by Cadmus, who introduced the Phoenician alphabet to Greece. Thebes grew into a major city-state (polis) in the Classical period and played a significant role in Greek politics and culture, often as a rival to Athens and Sparta. It was renowned for both military power and its urban cults and sanctuaries, including the Cadmeia on the acropolis.

Thebes achieved prominence in the 4th century BCE, especially after the rise of its military leader Epaminondas and the formation of a strong Theban army. The Sacred Band of Thebes, an elite unit of 300 Theban hoplites aligned in pairs, became famous for victories against Sparta. At the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BCE, Thebes defeated Sparta, ending Spartan military hegemony and establishing Theban dominance for a time. The Theban Hegemony extended through alliances and battles at Mantineia, but declined with the rise of Macedon. The decisive defeat of Theban forces and their allies at Chaeronea in 338 BCE by Philip II of Macedon marked the end of Theban independence as a major power.

Culturally, Thebes contributed poets such as Pindar and played a role in Greek theater and religion. The Theban citadel, the Cadmeia, and surrounding sanctuaries attest to its ancient importance.

Today Thebes is a regional city in modern Greece, with historic ruins and archaeological sites reflecting its ancient past.