Tetanustoxins

Tetanustoxins, also known as tetanus neurotoxins, are potent exotoxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. This bacterium is commonly found in soil, dust, and animal feces. When Clostridium tetani enters the body, typically through a puncture wound contaminated with spores, it can germinate and produce tetanus. The primary toxin responsible for the disease tetanus is tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin.

Tetanospasmin is a protein that acts by interfering with neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction. Specifically, it blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters like gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine. This blockage leads to uncontrolled muscle contractions, a hallmark of tetanus. The toxin travels from the site of infection through the peripheral nerves to the central nervous system.

The effects of tetanospasmin can manifest as painful muscle spasms and stiffness, particularly in the jaw (lockjaw), neck, and abdomen. Severe cases can lead to respiratory failure and death. Fortunately, tetanus is a preventable disease through vaccination. Tetanus toxoid vaccines, which contain inactivated tetanus toxin, stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies that neutralize the toxin. Booster doses are recommended throughout life to maintain immunity.