Terpènes

Terpenes are a large and diverse class of organic compounds, produced naturally by a variety of plants, particularly conifers, and by some insects. They are hydrocarbons, meaning they are composed solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Terpenes are the primary constituents of resinous plant exudates, often referred to as resin or pitch. The name "terpene" is derived from the word "terpentine," an old name for turpentine, a fluid obtained from the resin of trees.

These compounds are responsible for the characteristic aromas and flavors of many plants. For example, the scent of pine trees is due to terpenes like pinene. Limonene, another common terpene, contributes to the citrus smell of lemons and oranges. Beyond their sensory qualities, terpenes play various roles in the natural world. In plants, they can act as attractants for pollinators or as deterrents against herbivores and pathogens.

Terpenes are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain. An isoprene unit is a five-carbon molecule (C5H8). Monoterpenes (C10H16) are made of two isoprene units, sesquiterpenes (C15H24) of three, and diterpenes (C20H32) of four. Larger terpenes, like triterpenes and tetraterpenes, are also known.

The study of terpenes, known as terpenology, is important in various fields. In the pharmaceutical industry, some terpenes have demonstrated medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antimicrobial effects. They are also significant in the fragrance and flavor industries, where they are extracted and used in perfumes, cosmetics, and food products. The petrochemical industry also utilizes terpenes and their derivatives.