C10H16

C10H16 is the molecular formula that characterizes a large class of hydrocarbons known as monoterpenes, which consist of two isoprene units arranged in various structural isomers. Because it represents many different compounds rather than a single molecule, C10H16 covers a range of shapes, scents, and reactivities found in nature and industry.

The formula encompasses acyclic, monocyclic, and bicyclic structures. Notable examples include limonene (a monocyclic terpene in citrus oils), α- and β-pinene (bicyclic terpenes from pine resins), camphene, sabinene, terpinene, and myrcene (an acyclic terpene). The degree of unsaturation for C10H16 is 3, reflecting combinations of rings and double bonds that are common among monoterpenes.

Natural occurrence and uses: C10H16 compounds occur widely in essential oils and plant resins, contributing characteristic aromas such as citrus, pine, and herbal notes. They are extensively used as fragrance and flavor ingredients, and as solvents. Some monoterpenes are explored as precursors for chemical syntheses and polymers, illustrating their versatility in materials science.

Physical properties and safety: Compounds with this formula are typically volatile and nonpolar, with poor water solubility and a range of boiling points from roughly 150 to 190 °C depending on the isomer. They are generally flammable and can form peroxides upon storage in air, particularly terpenes like limonene, necessitating suitable handling and storage practices.