Terpeneiden

Terpeneiden, also known as terpenoids, are a class of organic compounds that are widely distributed in plants, particularly in the essential oils of many species. They are characterized by the presence of isoprene units, which are five-carbon building blocks. Terpenes are classified into three main groups based on the number of isoprene units they contain: monoterpenes (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), and diterpenes (C20). These compounds play various roles in plant biology, including defense against herbivores, attraction of pollinators, and regulation of plant growth and development.

Terpenoids are also found in many other organisms, including animals, fungi, and bacteria. In animals, they often serve as pheromones or as components of scent marks. In fungi, terpenoids can act as secondary metabolites with antimicrobial properties. In bacteria, terpenoids are involved in the synthesis of cell membranes and other cellular structures.

The biological activities of terpenoids are diverse and include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. They are also used in the production of fragrances, flavors, and pharmaceuticals. Some well-known terpenoids include limonene, found in citrus fruits; pinene, present in pine trees; and artemisinin, a potent antimalarial drug derived from the sweet wormwood plant.

Terpenoids are a rich and diverse group of compounds with significant biological and chemical importance. Their study continues to yield new insights into plant biology, medicine, and industry.