Tengriism

Tengriism, also known as Tengrianism, is the traditional religion of many Turkic and Mongolic peoples. It centers on Tengri, the sky god who is regarded as the supreme deity and the source of cosmic order. There is no single creed or central authority, and beliefs vary among communities, levels of practice, and historical periods.

The religion emphasizes harmony with nature, reverence for ancestors, and communication with spirits associated with natural features such as mountains, rivers, trees, and fire. A diverse pantheon exists alongside Tengri, including figures such as Umai, a mother goddess, and Erlik, a ruler of the underworld. Rituals and divination are typically conducted by shamans or religious specialists who serve as mediators between the human and spirit worlds. Sacred places and seasonal ceremonies play important roles in sustaining social and spiritual ties.

Historically, Tengriism predates many organized faiths in Central Asia and influenced various Turkic khanates and Mongol polities. Over the centuries, Islam and Buddhism became prominent in different regions, and many communities adopted those faiths while continuing to practice Tengriist beliefs in varying forms. In the 20th century, Soviet suppression of religion diminished traditional practices, yet revival movements emerged after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Contemporary expressions range from cultural and nationalist reclaiming of ancestral heritage to private religious practice and renewed shamanic activity in parts of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tuva, and Buryatia.