Telomeerejä

Telomeerejä are the structures located at the ends of linear chromosomes, composed of repetitive DNA sequences and associated proteins. Their primary function is to protect the chromosome ends from deterioration, fusion, and degradation during cell division. Telomeres act as buffers, ensuring that vital genetic information remains intact despite the shortening that occurs with each replication cycle.

The length of telomeres varies among different cell types and organisms. In most somatic cells, they gradually shorten over successive divisions, which is associated with cellular aging and senescence. Conversely, germ cells, stem cells, and certain cancer cells maintain telomere length through the activity of the enzyme telomerase, allowing these cells to divide many more times without losing vital genetic information.

Telomere shortening and maintenance involve complex processes. During DNA replication, the inability of DNA polymerase to fully replicate the linear ends of chromosomes leads to progressive telomere shortening. The enzyme telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein, adds repetitive nucleotide sequences to the telomeres, counteracting this shortening and promoting chromosome stability.

Disruptions in telomere function are linked to various age-related diseases and cancer development. Short telomeres can lead to chromosomal instability, while abnormally long or maintained telomeres may enable uncontrolled cell proliferation. Because of their role in aging and disease, telomeres are a significant focus of genetic and biomedical research.

Overall, telomeres are crucial for maintaining chromosome integrity and cellular lifespan, highlighting their importance in aging biology and disease prevention.