Talajrétegzettség

Talajrétegzettség, also known as soil stratification, refers to the distinct horizontal layers or horizons that develop within a soil profile. These layers are formed over time through various physical, chemical, and biological processes, primarily influenced by climate, parent material, topography, organisms, and time. Each horizon exhibits unique characteristics in terms of color, texture, structure, and chemical composition, reflecting the cumulative effects of weathering, organic matter accumulation, leaching, and mineral transformations.

The uppermost layer is typically the O horizon, composed of organic matter in various stages of decomposition, such as leaf litter and humus. Below this lies the A horizon, often called topsoil, which is rich in organic matter and minerals, making it crucial for plant growth. The E horizon, if present, is a leached layer where minerals like clay and iron have been washed down to deeper layers. The B horizon, or subsoil, is characterized by the accumulation of leached materials from above, often appearing denser and less organic. Finally, the C horizon consists of partially weathered parent material, and the R horizon is the unweathered bedrock. The presence, thickness, and distinctness of these horizons can vary significantly depending on the soil-forming factors and the age of the soil. Understanding talajrétegzettség is fundamental in soil science, providing insights into soil genesis, fertility, and suitability for different land uses.