Talajrétegzdés

Talajrétegződés, also known as soil stratification or soil horizons, refers to the distinct layers that develop in a soil profile over time. These layers, or horizons, are created by various soil-forming processes acting on the parent material. The most common horizons, starting from the surface and going downwards, are typically denoted as O, A, E, B, and C.

The O horizon is the uppermost layer and consists primarily of organic matter, such as decomposing leaves, twigs, and other plant and animal debris. Below this is the A horizon, often called topsoil, which is a mixture of mineral particles and organic matter. It is generally darker in color and is a zone of significant biological activity.

The E horizon, if present, is a leached layer beneath the A horizon. Here, minerals like iron and aluminum, as well as organic matter, are washed out (eluviated) by percolating water. Beneath the E horizon is the B horizon, or subsoil, where these leached materials accumulate (illuviation). This horizon can be rich in clay, iron oxides, or carbonates.

Finally, the C horizon consists of partially weathered parent material, with little organic matter present. Below the C horizon is the R horizon, which represents the unweathered bedrock. The development and characteristics of these horizons vary greatly depending on factors such as climate, topography, parent material, biological activity, and time. Studying talajrétegződés is crucial for understanding soil fertility, water infiltration, and the overall health of terrestrial ecosystems.