Takistades

Takistades is an Estonian adverbial participle formed from the verb takistama, meaning to hinder or impede. It expresses the means or manner of an action and is roughly equivalent to the English expression "by hindering" or "while hindering." It is used in non-finite clauses to indicate that hindering is the accompanying circumstance or, sometimes, the cause of the main action. The form is created by adding the suffix -des to the verb stem.

Etymology and related forms: The root is takistus, reflecting an obstacle or impediment, and takistama, to hinder. Takistades is the gerundial form used to describe how an action is carried out in relation to hindrance.

Usage: Takistades is most common in formal or written Estonian, including analytical, academic, and legal texts. It introduces a subordinate, adverbial clause that explains the manner or condition under which the main action occurs. When used, it is typically separated from the main clause by a comma.

Example: Ta jätkas tööd, takistades kolleegide edusamme. This means “He continued working, by hindering his colleagues’ progress.”

Notes: As with other adverbial participles, takistades provides a concise way to indicate simultaneous or related hindering action without forming a full subordinate clause. It should be used where the emphasis is on the hindering as a means or condition of the main action. See also takistama and takistus for related meanings.