Szénfokot

Szénfokot, also known as *carbonization point* or *carbonization temperature*, refers to the process in which organic materials, primarily carbon-rich substances like wood, coal, or biomass, undergo thermal decomposition in the absence of oxygen. This process results in the formation of carbonaceous residues, primarily charcoal, while releasing volatile compounds such as gases and tars. The term is commonly used in chemistry, materials science, and industrial applications, particularly in the production of activated carbon and biochar.

The carbonization process occurs when organic materials are heated to temperatures typically ranging between 300°C and 800°C, depending on the feedstock and desired product properties. At these elevated temperatures, the complex organic structures break down, losing hydrogen, oxygen, and other volatile elements, leaving behind a predominantly carbon-based solid. The exact temperature at which carbonization occurs is influenced by factors such as heating rate, residence time, and the chemical composition of the starting material.

Historically, charcoal production through carbonization was a key industrial practice, particularly in metallurgy for smelting iron and steel. Modern applications of carbonization include the production of activated carbon for water filtration, air purification, and catalysis, as well as biochar for soil amendment and carbon sequestration. The efficiency and quality of the carbonized product depend on precise control of the carbonization conditions, including temperature, heating profile, and atmospheric control.

In environmental and agricultural contexts, carbonization is studied for its potential to mitigate climate change by converting biomass waste into stable carbon forms. Research continues to explore optimized methods for maximizing carbon yield while minimizing energy consumption and emissions. The term *szénfokot* is primarily used in Hungarian technical and scientific literature, reflecting its relevance in industrial and research settings where carbon-based materials play a critical role.