Sympatikus
Sympatikus, or the sympathetic nervous system, is part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for rapid involuntary responses during stress. It is classically described as the thoracolumbar division, with neurons located in the intermediolateral columns of the spinal cord from T1 to L2 and preganglionic fibers that synapse in paravertebral (sympathetic chain) or prevertebral ganglia near major arteries.
Postganglionic neurons usually release norepinephrine, while preganglionic fibers release acetylcholine. The adrenal medulla acts as a
Activation supports the fight-or-flight response: heart rate and contractility increase; airways dilate; pupils dilate; metabolic effects
Regulation and clinical relevance: The sympathetic system is controlled by higher brain centers such as the