Substanca

Substanca refers to anything with a definite composition and distinct properties. In chemistry and material science, a substanca can be a pure substance or a mixture. A pure substance consists of a single kind of matter and has a uniform composition. It is divided into elements, which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, and compounds, which are chemical combinations of two or more elements in fixed proportions. Compounds have properties that differ from those of their constituent elements and can only be separated into elements by chemical reactions.

Mixtures are combinations of substances that retain their individual identities. They can be homogeneous, with a uniform composition (like saline solution), or heterogeneous, where the components remain distinguishable (like concrete). Substances and mixtures can often be separated by physical methods such as filtration, distillation, or chromatography.

Substanca exhibit physical properties such as melting point, boiling point, density, color, and solubility, and chemical properties such as reactivity and acidity. These properties, together with phase behavior, help identify and characterize substancas. Substances may exist in different states of matter—solid, liquid, or gas—and can transition between states at specific temperatures and pressures.

Examples include water, carbon dioxide, sodium chloride, iron, and glucose. The concept of substanca is central to science, medicine, industry, and regulation, where purity, composition, and quality control are important for safety and effectiveness.